Part I.
General Principles and Duties
Section 1. Rules Knowledge
ALL Knowledge of the
rules must be perfect and supplemented by the ability to interpret them
correctly. These abilities are acquired only through devotion of much time and
study. All rules should be enforced fairly and consistently.
Section 2. Physical Condition
ALL Football officiating
is difficult and requires 100 percent concentration
Section 3. Judgment
ALL Decisions must be
instantaneous and a ruling announced with minimal delay. Ensure improved
instinctive reactions to play situations by reviewing all possible combinations
of circumstances before each game. LET YOUR MIND DIGEST WHAT YOUR EYES HAVE
SEEN.
ALL Do not look for
fouls. Always be sure of a foul. Never guess, as there are no phantom fouls.
Pick up your flag if you realize the foul was not there. If you think it is a
foul, it is not! You must know it was a foul.
Section 4. Duties and Responsibilities
ALL Each official must
have a thorough knowledge of the duties of his/her position and be fully
informed concerning the duties of the other officials. Be prepared to assume
other positions whenever circumstances require it. He/she must:
A.
Know the down and distance prior to each snap.
B. Be
ready to assist any official who is temporarily out of position.
C.
Observe incorrect rulings by other officials and attempt prevention and
correction whenever possible.
D.
Know the prescribed signals and when and how they should be used.
E.
Be alert to happenings away from the ball when the play has left your immediate
area.
Section 5. Signals
ALL All signals should be
given promptly and distinctly. The preliminary signal and the regular signal
after enforcement or declination of a penalty shall be given by the R while
standing still. Remember, the only part of officiating to over emphasize is
your signaling. Study the Code of Official Football Signals in the back of this
manual.
Section 6. Hustle
ALL Keep the game moving
smoothly from start to finish. Hustle but do not hurry! Do not move too fast.
It is better to let the play come to you.
Section 7. Communication
ALL Teamwork is important
among officials. Continuous communication between all officials during the game
is essential for effective game administration.
Section 8. Do Not Discuss
ALL Do not discuss with a
team the play or players of his/her opponents in a game which you will officiate
or are officiating. Do not get mad or even with coaches or players who disagree
verbally with your calls.
Section 9. Pre-Game Duties
ALL Attendance at the
pre-game conference at the time and place designated in advance is mandatory.
It is recommended that a period of at least 15 minutes prior to game time be
allocated for this purpose. If the R is detained, he/she must notify the LJ and
request him/her to conduct the meeting.
ALL Coordinate watches,
review rule changes, and check officials equipment: whistles, bean bag, game
cards, penalty flags, ball spotters, pencils and down indicators. Check the
playing field and player equipment thoroughly.
ALL The R will ask the
Captains and/or head coaches of each team, “Are your players legally equipped
according to the rules?”
R Discuss the
following with captains:
A.
Unusual plays.
B.
Arrange for the down marker operator.
C.
Captains report to 40 yard line for the toss 3 minutes prior to game time.
D.
Sportsmanship.
BJ Have correct time
of day and an extra stopwatch. Time game and intermission.
Section 10. Coin Toss
R Wait for the Team
Captains at the center of the field. Introduce the Captains to each other. Ask
the Visiting Captain to call the toss. The R shall catch the toss.
A.
Indicate the winner of the toss by placing your hand on that Captain’s shoulder.
B.
Turn to the sidelines and signal “choice deferred,” if applicable (S10).
C.
Request the first choice from Captain with the option for the first half.
D.
Obtain the remaining choice from the other captain.
R Place the Captains
with their backs to the goal they will defend. Signal winner’s choice only,
unless winner elects to defend a goal; then give the appropriate signal for the
choice of the other Captain.
ALL Meet and record the
winner of the toss and options they have selected. Hustle to your position.
See that the sidelines are clear.
Section 12. Team Time-Out
ALL Any official may
recognize the time-out and stop the clock. Know the team jersey color and
player’s number or head coach before signaling time-out. Repeat time-out signal
three times (S3). Then inform the R.
R Indicate a charged
time-out by pointing to the requesting team, both arms extending, giving three
chucks and taking several steps in their direction. Notify the Captain and/or
Coach when charged time-outs have been taken. When 55 seconds have expired, go
to ball, get ready signal from each Captain, and sound whistle declaring the
ball ready for play.
ALL Record time-outs.
Verbalize and signal with each other during each time-out as to the number
remaining for each team. Verbalize to each Captain the number of time-outs
remaining. Do not huddle in a group.
Section 13. Referee’s Time-Out
ALL Signal time-out and
perform your usual duties. When either team is awarded a first down during the
final two minutes of each half, the covering official indicates a time-out.
Repeat the time-out signal three times. If the game is disrupted for any
reason, record down, distance, position of ball, score and time remaining in the
game.
R Signal time-out
and tap chest with your hands. Declare the ball ready for play as soon as the
need for the time-out has been met.
ALL Know the status of
the clock – whether to start on the snap or the ready. Communicate this
information to the R. Snap your fingers to signal “do not start the clock” or
“the clock will start on the snap.” Use a winding motion of your index finger
to signal “start the clock” when marking the ball ready for play.
Section 14. Injury Time-Out
ALL Do not stop the clock
immediately if in doubt about the nature of an injury. Ask the player is he/she
can continue; wait for a response, then assess the situation. Be deliberate
rather than in a hurry.
ALL Use the same
procedure during a charged time-out. Permit as much time as is necessary. The
safety of the injured player is important. R signals time-out and taps his/her
chest to signal Official’s time-out (S3).
Section 15. First Downs
ALL If you are certain
the play results in a first down, stop the clock during the last 1 minute of the
first half and last 2 minutes of the second half. Assist the R as to whether to
start the clock after awarding Team A a first down.
ALL When the ball becomes
dead near the zone line-to-gain, sell the call by saying “short, short” or
“first down.” Communicate after each play about the down and distance,
especially when the cone line-to-gain is more than 20 yards. Use the “thumb’s
up” signal with both hands to indicate two zone lines-to-gain must be gained for
a first down. Remind both teams after each play of the necessary yardage needed
for a first down.
ALL When the play results
in a first down, the covering official will raise one arm straight up indicating
first down, and point with the other arm at a 90° angle in the direction the
offensive team is advancing.
Section 16. Last Minute of the First Half
and Last 2 Minutes of the Second Half
ALL Officials should
vocally communicate the status of the clock including the time remaining “clock
running or stopped,” and “wind on the snap or ready” throughout the last 1 or 2
minutes of each half. Signals are important, but vocalization also keeps the
players informed.
ALL Use the time-out
signal on out-of-bounds plays, penalties, time-outs, and first downs. Do not
use the time-out signal for incomplete passes and scores. After third down play
utilize the following signal to indicate stop the clock after fourth down:
“Cross your arms against your chest” (S21). Communicate to the other officials.
R Give the 1 or 2
minute warning to both Captains. Other officials should communicate to the
sidelines.
BJ Announce loudly
the remaining time in the half and whether the clock is running or stopped after
each play.
ALL When the ball becomes
dead inbounds near the sideline, give the start clock signal (S2) using only two
turns of your arm. This signal is a sideline mechanic only and
must be used when the runner has been deflagged/tagged inbounds near the
sideline.
ALL When the runner
advances beyond the zone line-to-gain for a first down and is tagged/deflagged
inbounds near the sideline, give the start clock signal (S2), using two turns of
your arm, then stop the clock for the first down. Remind the R whether the ball
became dead inbounds by winding your index finger, or out-of-bounds by snapping
your fingers.
R When time expires
in each period, give the signal to indicate that the period is over (S14).
Section 17. Hurry Up Offense
R
The Referee will increase the tempo when the
offensive team is in a “hurry-up.” Hustle, but do not hurry. If the offensive
team is ready to snap, do not mark the ball ready for play until you have
hustled behind the deepest offensive back. Backpedal and jog quickly, keeping
your eyes on the players and the ball. Check with the other officials to make
sure they are ready as you move back. Emphatically inform the center and QB
that if he/she snaps the ball prior to the whistle, they will be penalized for
delay of game. Mark the ball ready for play, then announce down and zone
line-to-gain, if time allows. Do not delay Team A snapping the ball in order to
announce down and distance. Simply signal the down with your hand. Sound your
whistle softly, to avoid a false start. Maintain your poise.
Section 18. Game Pacing and Tempo
R A. To
encourage an appropriately-paced contest, the R shall mark the ball
ready-for-play as soon as all Team A players have returned to their scrimmage
line and all officials are in proper position.
B.
The R shall mark the ball ready for play then answer any questions.
C.
Unless the offense is in a hurry-up, it is not necessary for the R to be behind
the deepest offensive back when marking the ball ready, provided he/she can
obtain this position well before the snap.
Section 19. Enforcement of Fouls
ALL Throw the flag: Spot
fouls – throw your flag assertively on the corresponding yard line. Fouls that
have no spot – throw your flag high into the air to give the R and the Down
Marker Operator a chance to see it.
ALL Signal time-out when
the ball is declared dead during the last 2 minutes of each half. When the ball
is declared dead and a foul has occurred, the calling official should give
several short, rapid blasts of the whistle to alert players and officials that a
foul has occurred, if the R does not see you immediately or you are at a
distance from the dead ball spot.
ALL Signal the R the type
of foul using the Code of Official Football Signals as you jog to the R to
report the foul.
ALL The official calling
the foul reports to the R using the four W’s:
A.
What: Type of foul. Dead ball or live ball. Describe the foul.
B.
Who: Offense or defense – except in a punting situation. Then report kicking
team or receiving team. Give the number and position of the player who fouled.
C.
When: Status of the ball – loose, in possession or after a change of team
possession.
D.
Where: The spot where the run ends or the spot of the foul.
ALL Do not place a hand
or point to the offending player. The official calling the foul should stand by
and double check the R’s options. If you disagree, ask the R to repeat the
options. Assist each other in holding the dead ball spot and the spot of the
foul. Cover the foul markers whenever possible for each other.
ALL Make sure the down
marker is not moved. The R steps off the correct yardage and places the ball
spotters on the ground. The FJ stands where the penalty will be enforced. The
LJ stands at the succeeding spot. Both the LJ
and FJ should “walk off” the penalty yardage independently of the R. Upon
reaching the succeeding spot, turn and look at the spot that the R has walked
off. If different, communicate to the R. The BJ needs to communicate “half the
distance, automatic first down, loss of down,” and so on to the R.
Correct any mistakes immediately.
ALL Communicate to the R
on penalties enforced half-distance to the goal line.
ALL Dead ball fouls –
immediately think about the down number and yardage for a first down.
R The R notifies the
Coach and escorts the player to the sideline on all disqualifying fouls.
ALL The nearest official
will notify the Coach of fouls by his/her team. Report the position and number
whenever possible.
R When fouls are
reported, give the preliminary signal before explaining the options to the
captain. If the choice is obvious, announce it and proceed with enforcement
or declination. Otherwise explain the options to the Captain. State
options briefly, correctly, clearly and courteously. Repeat the options if the
Captain is unsure.
R After the penalty
is completed, take a position clear of the players where you can be seen. Give
the signal to the BJ’s side in 2 person and the LJ’s side in 3/4 person.
A. If
a penalty is accepted, signal the foul and extend one arm in a pointing fashion,
horizontally in the direction of the offending team.
B. If
a penalty is declined, signal the foul, extend one arm in a pointing fashion,
horizontally in the direction of the offending team and then give the penalty
declined signal (S10).
C. If
the penalties offset, signal one foul, extend one arm in a pointing fashion,
horizontally in the direction of the offending team. Repeat this procedure for
a foul by the other team, then give the penalty declined signal (S10).
D.
Start the clock after a penalty is completed, if it was not otherwise stopped by
Rule.
Section 20. Whistle Mechanics
ALL It is mandatory to
keep the plastic whistle in your hand until the ball becomes dead by Rule. Let
the play kill itself. Do not be in a hurry to sound your whistle.
Section 21. Forward Progress
ALL The official marking
forward progress should maintain a position which keeps all players within
his/her view.
ALL Use your downfield
foot to signal forward progress to the R.
R
If forward progress is located between the
inbounds lines (hash marks), hustle to the approximate dead ball spot with the
ball spotters. If the dead ball spot is located between the sideline and
inbounds lines (hash marks), hustle to the nearest inbounds line. Align
the orange spotter on the downfield foot of the covering official. After
placing the orange ball spotter on the ground, take one step
forward and place the gold ball spotter
on the ground. If the play loses yardage, the LJ will obtain forward progress
from the R. The R will then get the ball spotters and align them on forward
progress.
Section 22. Helpful Hints
ALL A. Record
all time-outs called including the head coach or player’s number and the team.
Be responsible for the legality of substitutes.
B. Be
courteous, but firm and fair, when dealing with players and nonplayers.
C.
The number of fingers indicate the down, while a closed fist indicates fourth
down.
D.
Leave the field together.
Section 23. Officiating Uniform
ALL Look sharp and feel
sharp! Officials who wear great looking uniforms send a positive message to
players and coaches. Take pride in yourself and your profession.
ALL The official uniform
is:
A.
Black and white vertically striped, long or short-sleeved knit shirt with 1”
vertical stripes, black knit cuff and Byron collar.
B.
Black sweatpants with black socks or black shorts with white socks, and solid
black football shoes with black laces. Shoes need to be shined before each
game.
C. A
black baseball cap with white piping. (EXCEPTION: Sponsorships).
D.
Additional essential equipment includes a plastic whistle, penalty marker, white
bean bag, game card, pencil and down indicator. The penalty marker shall be a
light gold flag (15” x 15”) with a middle pouch weighted with soft
material—sand, beans, etc. NOTE: Penalty flags
worn by each official should be virtually hidden from view.
E.
If all officials have the necessary equipment,
the NFHS Football Officiating Uniform can be worn.
Section 24. Incomplete Pass Mechanics
ALL Only the covering
official(s) signal incomplete pass. Stand erect and repeat the signal three
times at shoulder height level. When inside two minutes, do not give the
time-out signal after signaling incomplete pass.
Section 25. Between
Periods
ALL
Note and record down, distance and yard line nearest foremost point of ball.
R Measure distance from the nearest yard line to
foremost point of ball and estimate distance from nearest inbounds line (hash
mark).
Section 26. Between Halves
BJ When the clock
expires, start your watch immediately and time the halftime.
ALL Meet the Captains at
midfield near the end of the halftime, obtain and signal their choices.
Part III. 3 Person Crew Mechanics
Section 1. Passing and Running Plays – Positions
and Responsibilities
Article 1. Positions.
R A. Take a position on
the side opposite the LJ and on the same side as the BJ. Take a position 6 to 7
yards behind and 7 to 8 yards outside the deepest offensive back. Take a final
position to see the snap, backs, and line players, except the wide-out
receivers.
LJ B. Take a position on
the side opposite the R in the neutral zone and standing on the sideline. If a
receiver lines up near the sideline, take one or two steps backward and
out-of-bounds. Take a final position to see the snap and all players on or near
the scrimmage lines.
BJ C. Take a position on
the side opposite the LJ. Your initial position will be 15 to 17 yards beyond
the scrimmage line 3 to 5 yards from the sideline. Be behind the deepest
defensive back. Avoid a position which will interfere with the defensive back.
If a receiver is positioned near the sideline, move closer toward the sideline.
ALL D. Basic positions may
vary depending on play situations, team formations, field and weather
conditions. Always “box in” the play. Avoid positions which may cause
scrambling. Avoid interfering with the players. STAY WIDE! Remember, it is
always easier to move in than backward.
Article 2. Responsibilities Before the Ball is
Snapped.
R A. Set the ball
spotters on or inside the inbounds lines (hash
marks); check with the other officials for the correct down; check the
down marker; announce the down and distance; sound your whistle sharply and mark
the ball ready for play; start your stopwatch for the 25 second count; move the
down indicator on your hand to the next finger; and hustle to your initial
position. A note of caution: when a team is using a hurry-up offense,
maintain a consistent tempo throughout the game. Inform the QB and center
not to snap the ball until the whistle is sounded. Back pedal to your
position quickly and make sure the other
officials are ready. Maintain your poise and control of the game. Hustle, but
do not hurry.
R B. Preventive
Officiating Recommendations: 1. Inform the QB when approximately 15 seconds
have elapsed on the 25 second count. If a team is close to the 25 second count,
communicate by saying the number of seconds that remain; 2. If a Team A player,
usually the QB, is positioned within 2 yards of the center snap, inform him/her
to move back; 3. Remind the QB that all players must be set for 1 second; 4.
Check legality of the players’ equipment; 5. If a team is shifting, inform them
to “get set.”
R C. Basic duties include
watching for delay of game, legality of the defensive signals, illegal
shift-motion-procedure-snap, false start and counting the 7 (Corec-8) Team A
players (Flag-count flag belts) (S12).
LJ D. Thrust your
downfield foot ahead to mark forward progress; raise your arm straight above
your head to indicate the next down (close fist for fourth down); communicate
verbally to the down marker operator and the other officials about the next down
number; move your down indicator on your hand to the next finger; back pedal to
the sideline; other than during a hurry-up offense, be in your initial position
before Team A breaks the huddle; and keep people on the sideline back at least 6
feet.
LJ E. Preventive
Officiating Recommendations: 1. Thrust your backfield foot forward to help
the line players position themselves; 2. Communicate verbally to the Team A and
B players along the neutral zone to check with you and raise one arm high above
your head. Move them forward or backward dependent upon their position. Inform
Team A if they do not have enough players on the scrimmage line. Drop your arm
(S1) and state “line set” when Team A has lined up correctly. Take charge
and be in control of the scrimmage lines. Remember, it is difficult for the
players to be in correct position on a field with limited line markings; 3. Do
not be too technical regarding formation positions. Use good common sense for
the players’ benefit.
LJ F. Basic
responsibilities include counting the 7 (Corec-8) Team A players (Flag-count
flag belts) (S12), counting the minimum 4 (Corec-5) Team A players on their
scrimmage line, encroachment, false start, and illegal
shift-motion-formation-snap. Take responsibility for any player in motion.
BJ G. Thrust your
downfield foot ahead to mark forward progress; raise your arm straight above
your head and indicate the next down (close fist for fourth down); communicate
verbally down and distance to other officials; move the down indicator on your
hand to the next finger; Corec game—Communicate verbally and signal to the R and
the LJ whether the next play is “open” (S40) or “closed” (S41); back pedal to
your initial position before Team A breaks the huddle; check offensive formation
to determine how close Team A players are positioned near the sideline. Be
wider than the widest offensive player. Check your stopwatch and inform
players, coaches and officials of the remaining time.
BJ H. Preventive
Officiating Recommendations: 1. Remind defensive players that contact is
illegal—do not “chuck” the receivers; 2. Count the number of Team B players
(Flag-count flag belts) – (S12) communicate if they have too many or not
enough.
Article 3. Responsibilities After the Ball is
Snapped.
R A. The R’s mental
checklist is: Snap, Ball, QB, Rush and Pass. Watch for the snap striking
the ground either before or after touching a player. If so, sound your whistle
sharply. Observe defensive players as they rush the QB and move toward the
screen blockers. Communicate with the players by verbalizing “watch the
contact, watch the contact.” Adjust your position to see through the play and
rule on illegal contact. Follow the runner toward your sideline behind the
scrimmage line maintaining an “inside looking out” angle. Be careful of the
agile runner who can change directions quickly. Stay wide and do not follow the
runner too tightly. Always be aware of the throw-back. Mark forward progress
if the runner is deflagged/tagged behind the scrimmage line. Observe fouls
around the runner after he/she crosses the neutral zone. You are responsible
for the pitch person.
R B. If the QB backpedals
more than 2 to 3 yards, take a step backward for every step he/she does.
Protect the QB. Do not be a “head wagger!” When the pass is thrown keep
your eyes on the passer until there is no threat of a foul. Remember, the QB is
your primary responsibility.
R. C. Take a position to
rule whether a pass thrown behind the neutral zone is forward of backward. If
the pass is backward, extend your arm with a closed fist at a 90° angle toward
the passing team’s end line (S17), yell “back” and “sell” the call, if close.
If intended to be thrown backward, but the pass goes forward, extend your arm
with an open hand forward (S45) and yell “forward.” Remember, if in doubt,
the pass is backward. Once the pass is released, yell “ball’s away.” This
will help the defense avoid roughing the passer.
R D. When the passer
moves toward the Team A scrimmage line (first ball spotter-orange) follow and
stay wide. If a forward pass is thrown near the first ball spotter-orange,
hustle to the spot where the ball was released. Check the spot of the pass with
the first ball spotter-orange. Remember, if in doubt, the pass is legal.
R E. You are solely
responsible for calling intentional grounding. If necessary, seek information
from the other officials whether any Team A players were in the area where the
pass was thrown.
LJ F. The LJ’s mental
checklist is: Snap, Players, Zone and Ball. Read your “keys” after the
snap. Do the receivers move downfield and run pass patterns? Do the line
players start screen blocking and the backs begin running? A majority of the
plays are passes. Many runs develop off the pass. If you read run, hold at the
neutral zone and observe screen blockers and defenders ahead of and around the
runner. If you read pass, slide downfield 3 to 5 yard initially. Keep your
shoulders parallel to the sideline. Shuffle your feet similar to a defensive
basketball player, keeping in mind not to cross your feet. This will allow you
to move in either direction quickly. Observe the initial charge of the line
players for a foul by either team. Then watch for any illegal contact by the
receivers and defensive backs primarily on your side of the field. Switch your
sight briefly from the players downfield back to the QB. Read the QB’s eyes.
Anticipate the play, but do not anticipate the call. Once the ball is thrown
move quickly to the most advantageous position to see between the receiver and
defender. Adjust your position for the best angle. This will place you in
proper position to rule on a foul by either player. Stay wide. Be in a
position to cover any pass near the sideline.
LJ G. If the runner moves
away from you, continue to officiate. Observe action in the offensive
backfield, along the neutral zone and screen blocks around the runner. Move
down the scrimmage line, then drift downfield keeping players in front of you.
Try to get the big picture.
LJ H. An exciting part of
this game is the many backward passes thrown, especially beyond the neutral
zone. Work hard for a position which parallels the runner, especially from the
neutral zone to 18 to 20 yards downfield. By staying wide and parallel to the
runner, your position will be excellent to rule on the legality of the pass.
When a pass is backward, immediately extend your arm with a closed fist at a 90°
angle toward the passing team’s end line (S17) and yell “back.” If thrown
forward beyond Team A’s scrimmage line (first ball spotter-orange) or after a
change of possession, throw your flag to the corresponding yard line where the
pass was released.
LJ I. A large percentage
of plays are designed for short or intermediate yardage. You are responsible
for forward progress to approximately 18 to 20 yards beyond the neutral zone.
This is why being parallel to the runner is so important. Be prepared to take
the runner to the goal line. Constantly be aware of the zone line-to-gain and
the goal line. Sell the close call by hustling to the dead ball spot. Hustle
and stay parallel to the sideline until you reach the yard line where the ball
became dead. Then “square off” and move toward the ball. Keep players in front
of you and in your view. Thrust your downfield foot forward to mark the
foremost point of the ball.
LJ J. Corecreation Games
Only—Stay on the scrimmage line after the snap. Be ready to rule when the ball
crosses the Team A scrimmage line. If the runner moves near the line or the
pass is caught near the line, verbalize “beyond” and extend your downfield arm
at a 90° angle toward the defensive team’s end line once the ball is beyond the
Team A scrimmage line. On a closed play, if the play involves a female passer
or female receiver of a legal forward pass, and the runner is downed near the
Team A scrimmage line, “sell” the call of “behind” if short of the line or
“positive” is positive yardage is gained to “open” the next down.
LJ-BJ K. The pass thrown toward
the sideline is a challenging call for the LJ and BJ. Read the “keys” at the
snap. Be aware of the receiver who moves toward your sideline. Once the passer
releases the ball begin adjusting your position to the receiver. Most calls are
missed because the official is either too close to the receiver or not
straddling the sideline. Adjust your position so you are at least 3 to 5 yards
away from the receiver, standing still. Watch the feet first and then the
ball. Pause an instant. “Let your mind digest what your eyes have seen.”
Remember, you have responsibility for the Team A player who goes out-of-bounds
and returns to participate. Throw your hat and say the player’s number. Take
responsibility for your respective sideline—end line to end line. Be ready to
move quickly downfield on a long pass.
LJ-BJ L. Watch for
out-of-bounds plays on your sideline. When the runner steps out-of-bounds, move
to the spot and hold it. Do not drop your bean bag on the spot unless the play
gets rough out-of-bounds. Keep your eyes on the players out-of-bounds until
action has stopped and they have returned inbounds. Be deliberate and take
your time for 3 to 4 seconds. If there is a late hit, it must be penalized.
BJ M. The BJ’s mental
checklist is: Snap, Players, Zone and Ball. When the ball is snapped your
first couple of steps are always backward. Read your “keys” for pass versus
run. If a run develops, watch the screen blockers ahead of and around the
runner. If the runner or receiver moves toward the sideline, hustle to that
sideline for an “outside looking in” angle. This is the “boxing-in” principle.
Do not get caught inside. If the runner moves toward the LJ’s side, do not
overcommit too fast. Throwbacks and cutbacks are very common. Let the flow of
the play dictate your movement.
BJ N. As the ball is
snapped observe any illegal contact by players in and directly beyond the
neutral zone especially on your half of the field. Continue to move backward as
the receivers establish their patterns. Let the play come to you. Do not allow
any receivers behind you. The end line is your responsibility. Take a quick
look at the passer’s eyes. In most cases he/she will show you where the pass is
going. Your objective is moving to a position to see between the receiver and
defender as the ball arrives.
ALL O. Rule on forward pass
thrown in or near your area. This is especially true on button hooks, traps and
muffs. If in doubt on a pass being complete or incomplete, concede the call to
the official facing the receiver. Do not give the catch signal. If you
think it is a catch, move toward the forward progress spot when the ball becomes
dead and look for help.
ALL P. After the ball is dead
be in a position to cover late blocks, roughness, and other fouls. When dead in
your area, hustle in and thrust your downfield foot forward to mark progress.
Remind Team A players to take the ball back to their huddle.
ALL Q. If the ball goes
out-of-bounds, signal time-out immediately during the last two minutes of either
half. The other officials will clean up around you until there is no threat of
a foul. Repeat the time-out signal 3 times. Look professional by giving
good sharp signals.
Section 2. Goal Line and Try Plays – Positions
and Responsibilities
Article 1. Positions.
R-LJ A. Positions are the same
as run/pass plays.
BJ B. Whenever the ball is
snapped on or inside the 10 yard line, stand on the end line, 3 to 5 yards from
the sideline. The end line is your responsibility. Watch the wide receivers as
they break the huddle. If they are positioned near the sideline, move closer to
it.
Article 2. Responsibilities—Goal to Go
R A. Signal touchdown
only after all requirements have been met and you have checked for any penalty
flags. Help rule on forward progress only if the LJ’s vision is blocked.
LJ B. After the snap
hustle to the goal line and rule on either a touchdown or forward progress short
of the goal line. This is important. Always know where the goal line is
on short yardage situations. Stay wide. Your objective is to be straddling the
goal line when the ball breaks the plane in possession. If the runner or
receiver is near your sideline, move out-of-bounds 1 to 2 yards for an
“outside-in” look. If the runner or passer moves toward the opposite sideline,
hustle down the goal line for a better look. However, keep all players in front
of you, and be ready for any reverse or broken field runs.
BJ C. Stay on the end line
and let the play develop. Do not overcommit and risk getting trapped. Let the
play come to you.
LJ-BJ D. Indicate the score by
giving a sharp touchdown signal only when in a position to see possession by the
offense in the opponent’s end zone. Be deliberate. You must see the football!
Do not mirror another official’s touchdown signal. If you see touchdown, then
signal it. After signaling, the closest official must remove the player’s flag
belt to insure the belt was secured legally.
R E. After the touchdown
speak to the scoring team’s Captain. Explain the Try options to the Captain
only. Secure his/her choice and announce it to all players and officials. Set
the orange ball spotter on the 3, 10 or 20 yard line.
Article 3. Responsibilities—Reverse Goal Line
Mechanics
R-LJ A. When the offensive
team is near their own goal line, between the 8 and 15 yard line, the R will
straddle the goal line and be wide. As the QB rolls to either sideline, stay on
the goal line to rule one a possible safety. When the ball is snapped on or
inside the Team A 8 yard line, the LJ will move toward the goal line at the
snap, while the R will be on the end line prior to the snap. Once the goal line
is no longer threatened, the R and LJ will move upfield similar to other
players.
Section 3. Punts – Positions and
Responsibilities
Article 1. Positions.
R-LJ A. Positions are the same
as run/pass plays.
BJ B. Take a position on
the same side as the R. Be parallel to the deepest receivers and at least 8 to
10 yards wide.
Article 2. Responsibilities Before the Ball is
Snapped.
R A. Prior to all fourth
down plays, ask the Team A Captain if he/she wants to punt. Communicate this
decision to all Team A and B players. If there is a charged team time-out, end
of period or penalty, again ask the Team A Captain if he/she wants to punt.
Then inform the Team B Captain of this decision. If Team A wants to punt
announce it to all players and officials (S43). Inform both teams to stay out
of the neutral zone until the ball is punted. Check for correct positioning of
the other officials. Do not allow the ball to be snapped until everyone has met
the punt requirements. Penalize any encroachment, illegal snap or false start
as a dead ball foul.
Article 3. Responsibilities After the Ball is
Snapped.
R A. Watch for the snap
hitting the ground and the kicker punting the ball. If the punt goes
out-of-bounds in flight, line up the deep official by chopping your arm as
he/she reaches the out-of-bounds spot. After the punt move downfield, watching
for any illegal contact, especially in the center of the field. Know where the
runner is by using your peripheral vision but focus on the screen blocking ahead
of the runner which is your primary responsibility.
LJ B. Rule on any
scrimmage line fouls. Hold your initial position after the punt. Be ready to
rule on whether the punt crosses the Team A scrimmage line. Observe the players
for any illegal contact, concentrating primarily on your half of the field.
Know where the ball is using your peripheral vision. If the punt is kicked
short take responsibility for the receiver. You are responsible for your
sideline on a punt return.
BJ C. Once the punt is
caught move with the flow watching for illegal contact. You are responsible for
the Team B goal line and end line. Know whether the punt breaks the plane.
LJ-BJ D. If
punted out-of-bounds on the ground, mark the spot. If punted out-of-bounds in
the air, jog to the “approximate” area, then begin walking slowly until the R
chops his/her are (S1) to mark the spot. By walking slowly, you are indicating
to the R this is where “I think the punt went out-of-bounds.” NOTE: If in doubt,
the out-of-bounds punt is “short” of the zone line to gain. NOTE: If in doubt,
the out-of-bounds punt near the goal line is a touchback.
ALL E. Be alert for kick
catch interference, fumbles, muffs and backward passes. If the runner moves
into your area, move toward a position to rule on the direction of a pass, by
staying parallel with the runner.
Part IV. 4 Person Crew Mechanics
Section 1. Passing and Running Plays – Positions
and Responsibilities
Article 1. Positions.
R A. Take a position on
the side opposite the LJ and BJ and on the same side as the FJ. Line up 6 to 7
yards behind and 7 to 8 yards outside the deepest offensive back. Take a final
position to see the snap, backs, and line players, except the wide-out
receivers.
LJ B. Take a position on
the side opposite the R and FJ in the neutral zone and standing on the
sideline. If a receiver lines up near the sideline, take a step or two
backwards and out-of-bounds. Take a final position to see the snap and all
players on and near the scrimmage lines.
FJ C. Take a position on
the side opposite the LJ and BJ and the same side as the R. Start on the
sideline and 10 to 12 yards downfield beyond Team B’s scrimmage line.
Line up at a 45 degree angle to the sideline
for a better look. The initial position will vary dependent upon down,
distance, and team tendencies. Always
be aware of the zone line-to-gain. It is the FJ’s primary responsibility. The
objective is to be straddling the zone line-to-gain whenever the runner or
receiver crosses it. This exciting game is primarily pass oriented. Being
downfield 10 to 12 yards is an ideal position to observe receivers and
defenders.
BJ D. Take a position on
the side opposite the R and FJ and the same side as the LJ. The initial
position will be 15 to 17 yards beyond the scrimmage line, 12 to 14 yards from
the sideline, and behind the deepest defensive back. Avoid a position which
will interfere with the defensive backs.
ALL E. Basic position may
vary depending upon play situations, team formations, field and weather
conditions. Always “box in” the play. Avoid positions which may cause
scrambling to avoid interference with the players.
Article 2. Responsibilities Before the Ball is
Snapped.
ALL A. Set the ball spotters;
check with the other officials for the correct down; check the down marker;
announce the down and distance; sound your whistle sharply and mark the ball
ready for play; start your stopwatch for the 25 second count; move the down
indicator on your hand to the next finger; and hustle to your initial position.
A note of caution: when a team is using a hurry-up offense, maintain a
consistent tempo throughout the game. Inform the QB and center not to
snap the ball until the whistle is sounded. Back pedal to your position and
make sure the other officials are ready. Maintain your poise and control of the
game. Hustle, but do not hurry.
R-LJ-BJ B. Responsibilities are the
same as 3 Person.
FJ C. Thrust downfield
foot ahead on forward progress; communicate verbally about down and distance to
the other officials; move your down indicator on your hand to the next finger;
back pedal to the sideline; and keep people on the sideline back at least 6
feet. Basic responsibilities include counting the number of Team B players
(Flag-count flag belts) (S12) and knowing your assigned receivers and
defenders.
FJ D. Adjust initial
position based upon the down and distance. If the distance is more than 10
yards, move deeper; if less than 10 yards then “stay home.” If the down is
third or fourth, move to the zone line-to-gain after the snap. Do not take a
position in the neutral zone.
Article 3. Responsibilities After the Ball is
Snapped.
R A. Basic
responsibilities are the same as 3 Person. Be more deliberate watching the
passer after the release. Do not be a “head wager.”
LJ B. Hold your initial
position in the neutral zone after the snap. Observe screen blockers and
defenders in the neutral zone and behind. Then move downfield approximately 3
yards (EXCEPTION: Corec game—Hold initial position in the neutral zone until
the ball is beyond the Team A scrimmage line). Be ready to rule on any
passes thrown short. The R is responsible for whether the passer is beyond the
scrimmage line when releasing the ball. Coordinate coverage with the BJ.
Remember, the near sideline is your primary responsibility, end line to end
line.
FJ C. The near sideline is
your primary responsibility from end line to end line. Stay wide. Maintain an
“outside looking in” position at all times. Read your “keys” after the snap.
If you read run, hold your position and observe the screen blockers and
defenders ahead of and around the runner. Take responsibility for the runner
beyond the neutral zone on your side of the field. If you read pass, watch the
closest receivers and defenders for illegal contact. As the pass routes develop
switch from person to person to zone coverage. Switch your sight from the
players downfield back to the QB. Read the QB’s eyes. Once the ball is thrown
move quickly to the most advantageous position to see between the receiver and
defender. Adjust your position for the angle.
FJ D. The pass thrown
toward the sideline is a challenging call for the FJ. Read the “keys” at the
snap. Be aware of the receiver who moves toward your sideline. Once the passer
releases the ball begin adjusting your position to the receiver. Most calls are
missed because the official is either too close to the receiver or not
straddling the sideline. Adjust your position so you are at least 3 to 5 yards
away from the receiver, standing still. Watch the feet first and then the
ball. Pause an instant. “Let your mind digest what your eyes have seen.”
Remember, you have responsibility Remember, you have responsibility for the
Team A player who goes out-of-bounds and returns to participate. Throw your hat
and say the player’s number. Take responsibility for your respective
sideline-end line to end line. Be ready to move quickly downfield on a long
pass.
FJ E. Unless down and
distance are critical (3rd or 4th down), do not be overly
concerned with the zone line-to-gain. There is no need to “camp out” on the
zone line-to-gain. Your first few steps are usually backwards, giving ground to
keep the players in front of you. Your objectives is to “lead” the runner to
the zone line-to-gain or the goal line. By backpedaling ahead of the runner you
will have an excellent view of the sideline and any flag guarding foul on the
inside arm near the sideline.
FJ F. If the runner or
passer goes to the opposite side move toward the center of the field. Observe
any fouls behind the BJ and between you and the play.
BJ G. Divide the receiver
and defender coverage with the FJ as players move downfield. Coordinate
sideline coverage with the LJ as you have secondary responsibility. The basic
look is “inside-outside.” Move from sideline to sideline cleaning up similar to
a “windshield wiper” helping the FJ and LJ as needed.
Section 2. Goal Line and Try Plays –
Positions and Responsibilities
Article 1. Positions.
R-LJ A. Your positions are the
same as on other run/pass plays.
FJ B. Whenever the ball is
snapped on or inside the 15 yard line, straddle the goal line and stand outside
the pylon.
BJ C. Whenever the ball is
snapped on or inside the 10 yard line, stand on the end line. The end line is
your responsibility.
Article 2. Responsibilities—Goal to Go
R-BJ A. Responsibilities are
the same as 3 Person.
LJ. B. Hustle to the goal
line if the ball is snapped on or inside the 5 yard line.
LJ-FJ C. In situations where
both the LJ and FJ are straddling the goal line when the runner “arrives” it is
imperative that they make eye contact before signaling touchdown or “short” by
marking forward progress. This non-verbal communication is essential for
quality teamwork and avoiding contradicting calls by the 2 officials.
FJ D. If the runner or
receiver is near the sideline move out-of-bounds 1 to 2 yards for an “outside
in” look. If the runner or passer moves toward the opposing sideline, move down
the goal line. However, keep all players in front of you, and be ready for any
reverses or broken field runs.
LJ-FJ E. The catch or no catch
in the back corners of the end zone is a tough call which requires coordination
between the covering officials. The BJ must look to the sideline official,
either the LJ or FJ for help. Secure eye contact prior to signaling touchdown.
“Sell” the incomplete signal if the receiver touches the end line or sideline
prior to catching the ball.
Article 3. Responsibilities—Reverse Goal Line
Mechanics
R-LJ A. Responsibilities are
the same as 3 Person.
Section 3. Punts – Positions and
Responsibilities
Article 1. Positions
R-LJ A. Positions are the same
as on passing and running plays.
FJ B. Move downfield 30 to
35 yards near the sideline on the side opposite the LJ and BJ.
BJ C. Take a position on
the same side as the LJ. Be parallel to the deepest receivers and at least 8 to
10 yards wide. Do not get caught inside.
Article 2. Responsibilities Before the Ball is
Snapped.
ALL A. Responsibilities are
the same as 3 Person.
Article 3. Responsibilities After the Ball is
Snapped.
R A. Responsibilities are
the same as 3 Person.. If the punt goes out-of-bounds in flight, line up the LJ/FJ
by chopping your arm (S1) as he/she reaches the out-of-bounds spot.
LJ B. Move downfield with
the players and observe any illegal contact after the punt has crossed the Team
A scrimmage line, concentrating primarily on your half of the field.
FJ C. Communicate verbally
with the BJ once the punt is in flight. The BJ has responsibility for
two-thirds of the field. Unless the punt is near your sideline concentrate
primarily on the screen blocking.
LJ-FJ D. If
punted out-of-bounds on the ground, mark the spot. If punted out-of-bounds in
the air, jog to the “approximate” area, then begin walking slowly until the R
chops his/her are (S1) to mark the spot. By walking slowly, you are indicating
to the R this is where “I think the punt went out-of-bounds.”
BJ E. In most cases the
ball and the receivers are your responsibility. Observe the catch, and then
stay parallel with the runner. If the ball is punted toward the opposite
sideline communicate verbally to the FJ by yelling “Ball, ball.” This means the
FJ takes the ball and action around it while you move forward and observe play
in front of the catch.
